Lesson 22. NUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS: DNA REPLICATION AND RNA TRANSCRIPTION. BIOSYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS AND ITS REGULATION (SEMINAR)

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Task

Guidelines for performing the task

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Study the structure of nucleic acids

1. Write down structural formulas of АМP, GTP, CDP, UMP, TMP.

2. Explain the complementarity rule and its importance for the structure and function of DNA.

3. Name the main differences between DNA and RNA.

4. What does template synthesis mean?

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Consider biosynthesis of DNA and its regulation

1. Write the names of scientists who have made the greatest contribution to the study of DNA biosynthesis.

2. List the substrates and enzymes necessary for DNA synthesis.

3. Explain the term replication fork.

4. Write down the scheme of DNA synthesis.

5. List the principal differences of replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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Consider biosynthesis of RNA

1. List the substrates and enzymes that are necessary for RNA synthesis.

2. Characterize RNA polymerases.

3. Make a schematic drawing of RNA synthesis - initiation, elongation and termination.

4. Describe the mechanism of RNA processing

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Consider the role of nucleic acids in the transfer of genetic information and principles of genetic information coding

1. Write down the scheme of transfer of genetic information.

2. Define the terms gene, codon, anticodon, triplet code.

3. Write down codons and anticodons for serine and tryptophan.

4. Write down the characteristics of triplet code

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Consider the structure of ribosomes

1. List the scientists who have made a significant contributions to the study of ribosomes.

2. Describe the structure of small and large ribosomal subparticles.

3. List the functions of ribosomes

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Consider the main steps of protein biosynthesis

1. Describe the stage of activation of amino acid (recognition).

2. Write down the reaction of lysine activation.

3. Describe the stages of translation - initiation, elongation, termination.

4. How many high-energy compounds are needed to form one peptide bond and which stages require high-energy phosphates?

5. What kind of high-energy phosphates are used in the process of protein biosynthesis?

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Consider the mechanism of protein biosynthesis regulation

1. Draw the scheme of the protein synthesis regulation in prokaryotes by Jacob and Monod.

2. Describe the regulation of protein biosynthesis in eukaryotes; explain the role of enhancers, silencers

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Consider the mechanism of mutagenesis

1. List mutagenic factors (chemical, physical, biological).

2. Name mutation types.

3. Describe the types of point mutations